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SCIENCE

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SOURCE: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01138-w

Jupiter’s moon Io has been continuously shaped by volcanic activity for billions of years — possibly even for the Solar System’s entire 4.57-billion-year history, a study suggests.

The findings, published in Science on 18 April1, have implications for the search for extraterrestrial life and for the understanding of volcanic moons and planets, including Earth.

Io is the most volcanically active place in the Solar System, with hundreds of volcanoes on its surface. This makes it difficult to study the moon’s past. The moon is continuously resurfaced by the constant flow of runny lava and ash settling from volcanic plumes, obscuring any physical evidence of its history. The volcanic activity arises because Io’s orbit of Jupiter is synchronized with the orbits of two neighbouring moons, Europa and Ganymede. The gravitational interactions between them make Io’s orbit elliptical and periodically squeeze the moon’s centre, causing friction and heating.

Sulfur studies

When Io’s volcanoes erupt, they spew sulfur-rich gases into the atmosphere. The researchers were able to use this sulfur as “a tracer for studying Io’s long-term evolution”, explains Katherine de Kleer, a planetary scientist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena and a co-author of the study.

Throughout the Solar System, the ratio between two sulfur isotopes — sulfur-32 and the slightly heavier sulfur-34 — is relatively constant, says de Kleer. Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, a radio telescope in Chile, she and her and colleagues measured sulfur emissions in Io’s atmosphere and calculated the ratio between the two isotopes.

Their observations revealed that Io has lost 94–99% of its originally available sulfur. At the top of its atmosphere, the ratio of sulfur isotopes is slightly skewed towards the lighter variant, and these gases rich in sulfur-32 are “being stripped off the top of the atmosphere at a loss of about one tonne per second”, de Kleer says. Over billions of years, this discrepancy has accumulated, and Io’s overall sulfur composition has become heavier. By extrapolating from the current rate at which the lighter sulfur is being lost, the researchers calculated that Io’s volcanoes have been erupting for most of its history.